R Under development (unstable) (2024-02-05 r85863 ucrt) -- "Unsuffered Consequences"
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> library(pcalg)
> 
> ## possDe
> ## a -> b -- c
> amat <- matrix(c(0,1,0, 0,0,1, 0,1,0), 3,3)
> colnames(amat) <- rownames(amat) <- letters[1:3]
> ## plot(as(t(amat), "graphNEL"))
> 
> stopifnot(
+   all(possDe(m = amat, x = 1, possible = TRUE, ds = FALSE, type = "pdag") == c(1,2,3)),
+   all(possDe(m = amat, x = 1, possible = FALSE, ds = FALSE, type = "pdag") == c(1,2)),
+   all(possDe(m = amat, x = 1, y = 2, possible = TRUE, ds = FALSE, type = "pdag") == 1) )
> 
> ## possAn
> ## a -- b -> c
> amat <- matrix(c(0,1,0, 1,0,1, 0,0,0), 3,3)
> colnames(amat) <- rownames(amat) <- letters[1:3]
> plot(as(t(amat), "graphNEL"))

Attaching package: 'BiocGenerics'

The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':

    IQR, mad, sd, var, xtabs

The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

    Filter, Find, Map, Position, Reduce, anyDuplicated, aperm, append,
    as.data.frame, basename, cbind, colnames, dirname, do.call,
    duplicated, eval, evalq, get, grep, grepl, intersect, is.unsorted,
    lapply, mapply, match, mget, order, paste, pmax, pmax.int, pmin,
    pmin.int, rank, rbind, rownames, sapply, setdiff, table, tapply,
    union, unique, unsplit, which.max, which.min

> 
> stopifnot(
+   all(possAn(m = amat, x = 3, possible = TRUE, ds = FALSE, type = "pdag") == c(1,2,3)),
+   all(possAn(m = amat, x = 3, y = 2, possible = TRUE, ds = FALSE, type = "pdag") == 3) )
> 
> proc.time()
   user  system elapsed 
   1.10    0.21    1.28