R Under development (unstable) (2023-11-16 r85542 ucrt) -- "Unsuffered Consequences"
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> library("R.utils")
Loading required package: R.oo
Loading required package: R.methodsS3
R.methodsS3 v1.8.2 (2022-06-13 22:00:14 UTC) successfully loaded. See ?R.methodsS3 for help.
R.oo v1.25.0 (2022-06-12 02:20:02 UTC) successfully loaded. See ?R.oo for help.

Attaching package: 'R.oo'

The following object is masked from 'package:R.methodsS3':

    throw

The following objects are masked from 'package:methods':

    getClasses, getMethods

The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

    attach, detach, load, save

R.utils v2.12.3 successfully loaded. See ?R.utils for help.

Attaching package: 'R.utils'

The following object is masked from 'package:utils':

    timestamp

The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

    cat, commandArgs, getOption, isOpen, nullfile, parse, warnings

> 
> words <- strsplit("Hello wOrld", " ")[[1]]
> cat(paste(toupper(words), collapse=" "), "\n")      # "HELLO WORLD"
HELLO WORLD 
> cat(paste(tolower(words), collapse=" "), "\n")      # "hello world"
hello world 
> cat(paste(capitalize(words), collapse=" "), "\n")   # "Hello WOrld"
Hello WOrld 
> cat(paste(decapitalize(words), collapse=" "), "\n") # "hello wOrld"
hello wOrld 
> 
> # Sanity checks
> stopifnot(paste(toupper(words), collapse=" ") == "HELLO WORLD")
> stopifnot(paste(tolower(words), collapse=" ") == "hello world")
> stopifnot(paste(capitalize(words), collapse=" ") == "Hello WOrld")
> stopifnot(paste(decapitalize(words), collapse=" ") == "hello wOrld")
> 
> # Empty character vector
> s <- character(0L)
> stopifnot(identical(capitalize(s), s))
> stopifnot(identical(decapitalize(s), s))
> 
> # Empty string
> s <- ""
> stopifnot(identical(capitalize(s), s))
> stopifnot(identical(decapitalize(s), s))
> 
> s <- NA_character_
> stopifnot(identical(capitalize(s), s))
> stopifnot(identical(decapitalize(s), s))
> 
> s <- c(NA_character_, "Hello wOrld")
> y <- capitalize(s)
> print(y)
[1] NA            "Hello wOrld"
> y <- decapitalize(s)
> print(y)
[1] NA            "hello wOrld"
> 
> 
> proc.time()
   user  system elapsed 
   0.28    0.10    0.37